“斯土斯民：环境历史中的城市与乡村”国际学术研讨会在京隆重举办

The Country and the City: Connecting People and Their Places in Environmental History

2014年5月29日至31日，由中国人民大学生态史研究中心、德国慕尼黑大学蕾切尔·卡森环境与社会中心联合主办的“斯土斯民：环境历史中的城市与乡村”国际学术研讨会在京隆重召开。来自中国、美国、加拿大、英国、荷兰、瑞典、日本等国不同学科领域60余位专家学者参加了会议。

From May 28 to June 1, 2014 the international workshop “The Country and the City: Connecting People and Their Places in Environmental History,“ was held in Beijing, co-organized by the RCC and the Center for Ecological History at RUC. More than 60 experts and scholars from China, the United States, Canada, Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany and Japan attended the meeting.

会前，中国人民大学校长陈雨露亲切会见了美国威斯康星大学威廉·克罗农教授、德国慕尼黑大学卡森中心克里斯多夫•毛赫先生，历史学院院长黄兴涛教授、副院长夏明方教授、侯深博士陪同，就加强国际交流合作、推进中国人民大学史学研究国际化进程达成重要共识。

开幕式在中国人民大学逸夫会堂第一会议室举行，由中国人民大学生态史研究中心主任夏明方教授主持。陈雨露校长、毛赫先生和中国人民大学历史学院院长黄兴涛教授出席并致辞。陈校长在其流利的英文致辞中高度肯定了当代国内外环境史研究的意义与价值，指出乡村与城市是农耕文明诞生以来人类社会繁衍、发展的两个基本场所，也是人类与自然界不断妥协、对抗与交流的栖息地，二者在自然与文化的各个层面上发生着复杂的交互作用。中国城市化进程中产生的形形色色的社会问题，既是数亿农民与城市人所必然面对的文化与社会问题，也是文明演进中派生的环境问题，生态问题。所以，从环境史的角度探讨城市与乡村关系，将会使我们对人与自然之间的历史产生新的叩问与反思，为正处于城市化进程中的当代中国社会提供一种历史性的借鉴。陈雨露校长和黄兴涛院长均表示学校和学院将继续大力支持生态史研究中心的建设，加强与卡森中心的交流与合作，为国内外关注环境历史与生态文明的学者提供更好的对话平台，为史学研究与绿色未来继续贡献力量。毛赫先生表示卡森中心在其存在的时间里将会一直保持同中国人民大学生态史研究中心的合作关系。

The opening ceremony held in the conference room of RUC’s Yifu hall was led by CEH director Mingfang Xia, with speeches and greetings presented by Dean Huang Xingtao and university President Chen Yulu. President Chen highly affirmed the significance and the value of the contemporary environmental history studies both at home and abroad. He pointed out that rural and urban are farming civilization and reproducing human society, as development since the beginning of the birth of two basic places. It also compromises, human and nature, confrontation and exchange of habitat, both in the natural and cultural complex with interactions on every level. He pointed out, China produces all kinds of social problems in the process of urbanization, both as a result of hundreds of millions of peasants and urban people, as well as the cultural and social issues faced deriving from the evolution of civilization environmental problems - ecological problems.

The dean said schools and colleges will continue to support the construction of the ecological history research center, strengthen exchanges and cooperation with the RCC, to provide a better platform for dialogue as both domestic and foreign scholars pay attention to environmental history and ecological civilization and can contribute to a green future.

整个会议分主题演讲和专题讨论两个阶段。曾任美国历史学会主席、美国环境史学会主席的威斯康星大学杰出教授威廉·克罗农为大会做了题为“都市的种种自然：环境史中的城市与乡村”的演讲。他着重提醒与会学者注意，作为本次会议主题的城市和乡村不仅是相互依存的客观存在，也是某种具有文化意蕴的范畴，在环境史研究中使用这些范畴时，需要对其进行有效反思。随后，结合他在《自然的大都市：芝加哥与大西部》一书中的研究，克罗农教授为我们讲述了19世纪时期的芝加哥如何在同腹地之间进行自然资源交换的过程中成长为一个国际性的大都市。他强调从环境史角度理解城市与乡村关系，需要在时间、空间和思想维度上打破城市和乡村边界，发掘二者之间密不可分的生态与文化关联，建立人工与自然环境之间的双向联系。

The whole conference consisted of thematic speech and topic discussion in two stages. Former chairman of the American Historical Association, and professor for environmental history at the University of Wisconsin William Cronon gave a keynote lecture entitled "History of all Kinds of Natural: Urban Environment of City and Countryside.“ He focused on alerting scholars attending the meeting, both rural and urban areas as presented by the theme of the conference is not only the objective existence of interdependence, but also is the category of a certain cultural connotation. Here these categories are used in the study of environmental history and need to be effectively reflected. Then he drew connections to his study Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great Western, where he tells us the story of 19th century Chicago, with processes of exchange with the hinterland leading to the growth of an international metropolis. He emphasized that in order to understand the relationships between city and countryside environmental history needs to break borders between the two in dimensions of time, space and ideology and explore the inseparable ecological and cultural relationship between the two, establishing a two-way relationship between man-made and natural environment.

专题讨论阶段，与会学者围绕“环境的特性”、“物质的循环”、“规划城与乡、“权力关系”四个专题，进行了为期两天的热烈讨论。涉及的问题包括在城市化和现代化进程中斯土与斯民在环境认知与归属感中存在的冲突，围绕食物、能源交换和废品处理等形成的城乡物质循环系统的演变及其对城乡关系的影响，政府、市民、农民等不同行为主体在认知和行为等方面对城乡环境的形塑，连接城乡的不同等级的权力在城乡变动中发挥的作用及其联系等。

In the thematic discussions, the scholars focussed on characteristics of „environment," the cycle of materials, "planning city and countryside," as well as power relationships. Discussions included conflicts between people and place in environmental cognition and sense of belonging, surrounding food and energy exchange and waste treatment etc., the evolution of the formation of the material circulation system between urban and rural areas, its influence on the relations between urban and rural areas, the government, citizen and farmers different behavior subjects in cognitive and behavioral aspects of the urban and rural environment shape, the connection of urban and rural in different levels of power and play a role in changes in the urban and rural contact, among others.

此次会议采取全新的讨论形式。在简短的论文宣讲与答疑之后，学者们围绕相关议题立即展开小组讨论。除对相关议题进行深入探讨外，学者们还就一些延伸问题，如自然观念的文化建构与解构，史料选择和使用中的价值判断和道德诉求，自然灾害和疾病对城市和乡村的影响，中西传统生态观念的差异，年鉴学派总体史研究对环境史研究的影响和意义，宗教、技术、阶级、权力等要素在城市化过程中的作用等，进行了热烈的讨论。

The meeting also adopted new forms of discussion. After brief paper presentations and Q&A, scholars conducted group discussions. Besides in-depth discussion on issues related, scholars also addressed extended issues, such as the cultural construction and deconstruction of natural concept, value judgment and moral appeal in the selection and use of historical data, affection of natural disasters and diseases to urban and rural, differences of traditional ecological ideas between China and and the West, influence and significance of the Annals School overall study of the history on the study of environmental history, religion, technology, class, power during the process of urbanization.

最后，中国人民大学生态史研究中心主任夏明方教授、美国威斯康星大学威廉•克罗农教授对本次会议进行了具有反思性的总结发言。夏明方教授首先对会议做了简短总结，随后指出面对城市化进程中出现的一系列问题，我们需要重新思考和发现乡村与自然的价值，重新思考人与自然之间的关系，缺少现代性反思的盲目的城市化终将导致人与自然的荒野。通过发掘中国古老哲学中的生态价值以及吸取西方城市化进程的经验教训，将为我国尚在进行的城市化建设中的城乡之间的张力与合作提供生态角度的历史借鉴。威廉•克罗农教授围绕环境史研究应如何书写历史、研究人类和自然在历史中的张力的问题提出几点建议。首先，环境史研究需要一个包括非人类世界和城市、乡村等人类世界的更广义的自然。其次，研究城市与乡村关系时须秉持一种在时和在地的历史观，对范畴的有效性进行反思。再次，城市环境史研究需要将国家、权力、阶级、市场、资本以及自然生态系统等要素引入其中，以更广阔的视野，建立一个更加多维立体的解释框架。最后，环境史的终极关怀在于调节人类世界和非人类世界的矛盾与冲突，使其和谐共处，共同讲述和塑造一个整体的历史。

Finally, Professor Xia Mingfang, Director of the Center for Ecological History at RUC, and Professor WILLIAM CRONON offered a reflective summary statement of the meeting. Professor Xia firstly summarized the meeting briefly, then pointed out that in face of a series of problems in the process of urbanization, we need to rethink the relationship between man and nature, and rethink and explore the value of countryside and nature. Blind urbanization as a lack of modernized reflection would lead to wilderness of man and nature. Exploration of the ecological value of Chinese ancient philosophy and experience of western urbanization can provide historical reference to Chinese urban construction from an ecological point of view.

William Cronon made suggestions on how environmental history studies should write history and study the relationship between human and nature in history. First of all, environmental history studies requires a broader nature including non-human and human world. Secondly, the study of urban and rural relationship should uphold a view that history is studied in a certain time and place, and reflect on the effectiveness of its categories. Again, country, power, class, market, capital and natural ecological system should be introduced into the study of urban environmental history, building a more multi-dimensional framework in a broader field of vision. Lastly, environmental history’s ultimate concern should be to adjust the contradiction and conflict of human and non-human world, make them coexist harmoniously, and tell and shape an integral history together.