一、毕波：《谭希思与〈明大政纂要〉研究》；指导老师：李晓菊

中文摘要

《明大政纂要》诞生于明代后期，属于明代“大政”类文献的重要组成部分，此类文献主要成型于变化不定的明代中后期，其出现不仅是明代士大夫应对社会危机的产物，也是士大夫力图挽救明代史学的自救之策。《明大政纂要》不仅是“大政”类文献的重要创新之作，更是“大政”类文献的有机延续。谭希思与《明大政纂要》是认识明代中后期社会发展与史学变异的重要窗口。

《明大政纂要》是“大政”类文献的重要组成部分之一，它产生于明代中后期特有的时代背景之下。明代中后期逐渐产生的经世致用思潮与求实思潮对社会中人产生影响，明代史学亦开始转变，求实务实与经世之风逐渐盛行，以国家大政为重点关注对象的“大政”类文献应运而生。身处此背景下的谭希思亦发力编纂出了《明大政纂要》。谭希思经历了从地方到中央再到地方的为官历程，为官期间重视实务，面对急务，有自己的一套应对之策。谭希思从为官至为民，不断丰富自己的交友范围，从雷礼到郭正域，从万安到安福，他的交友不仅为其编纂著作提供了灵感来源，也不断加深自己对理学和实行的认识。

谭希思编纂《明大政纂要》，不仅是社会与史学双重召唤下的结果，也是社会变化间接影响下的结果，明代出版业与藏书业的繁荣都在其编纂此书过程中起了作用。明代实录为其提供了原始材料，明代文集、奏议、专著等文献丰富了谭希思编纂空间。在此基础上，谭希思别出心裁的使用了案语、附录、论赞等编纂体例，兼具历史考证与情感抒发的文字，使得《明大政纂要》一举超出之前的多部“大政”文献。谭希思的“大政观”不仅在著作中有所体现，更表现在其为官经历中，“大政观”的内核则可能由理学与王学中实行观念共同组成。

本文将从谭希思与《明大政纂要》出发，一方面对谭希思的个人经历及思想情况做深度分析，另一方面对《明大政纂要》的编纂缘由、方法以及体例特点等进行深度考察，力求做到文本与作者的结合。作为“大政”类文献组成部分之一的《明大政纂要》，不仅是明代史学发展到一定阶段的表现，也是部分明代士人在面对社会变动时所采取应对之策。作者是文献的直接创造者，作者的创作意图、生平经历以及个人心态都表现在著作中。分析作者与文献，既能够互相参照，彼此联系，也能由此去认识明代中后期的社会实景，对认识明代中后期社会与史学发展有重要意义。

关键词：谭希思；《明大政纂要》；大政；大政观

Abstract

Ming Da Zheng Zuan Yao was born in the late Ming Dynasty, belongs to the Ming Dynasty " Big politics" category of documents an important part of the literature, such documents are mainly formed in the change of the middle and late Ming Dynasty, its appearance is not only the Ming Dynasty doctor to deal with social crisis products, but also the doctor tried to save the Ming Dynasty history of self-help. Ming Da Zheng Zuan Yao is not only an important innovation of the literature of "Big Politics", but also an organic continuation of the "Big Politics" literature.Tan XiSi and Ming Da Zheng Zuan Yao are important windows for understanding the social development and historical variation in the middle and late Ming Dynasty.

Ming Da Zheng Zuan Yao is one of the important parts of the "Big Politics" literature, which originated under the unique background of the times in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. The gradual emergence of the late Ming Dynasty by the trend of the use of the world and realistic thoughts of the community, the Ming Dynasty history also began to change, realistic pragmatic and the wind of the world gradually prevailed, with the national government as the focus of the object of the "Big Politics" category of literature came into being. In this context,Tan XiSi also worked hard to compile the Ming Da Zheng Zuan Yao.Tan XiSi experienced from the local to the central to the local official course, for the official period to attach importance to practice, in the face of urgent issues, has its own set of coping strategies.Tan XiSi from the official to the people, constantly enrich their own range of friends, from Lei Li to Guo Zhengyu, from Wan'an to Anfu, his friends not only for his compilation of works to provide a source of inspiration, but also to deepen their understanding of science and practice.

Tan XiSi's compilation of "Mingda Political Law" is not only the result of the double call of social and historical science, but also the result of the indirect influence of social changes, the Ming Dynasty publishing industry and the prosperity of the collection industry in its process of compiling this book played a role. The Ming Dynasty record provides it with the original material, and the Literature of Ming Dynasty, the play, the monograph and so on enrichthes the room forTan XiSi compilation. On this basis,Tan XiSi's creative use of the case language, appendices, praise and other compilation examples, both historical examination and emotional expression of the text, so that the "Ming Da Zheng Zuan Yao" in one move beyond the previous "big government" literature.Tan XiSi's "Great View of Politics" is not only reflected in the works, but also in his experience as an official, and the core of "Great Political View" may be composed of the concept of neo - confucianism and the practice of Wang Xue.

This paper will start from Tan XiSi and Ming Da Zheng Zuan Yao, on the one hand,Tan XiSi's personal experience and ideological situation to do in-depth analysis, on the other hand, the Ming Da Zheng Zuan Yao of the compilation of the reasons, methods and physical characteristics of the in-depth investigation, and strive to achieve the combination of text and author. As one of the components of the literature of the "Big Politics", Ming Da Zheng Zuan Yao, is not only the performance of the development of the history of the Ming Dynasty to a certain stage, but also some Ming Dynasty people in the face of social changes to take countermeasures. The author is the direct creator of the literature, and the author's creative intention, life experience and personal mentality are all expressed in the works. The analysis of the author and the literature, can not only cross-reference, contact with each other, but also to understand the social reality of the middle and late Ming Dynasty, to understand the development of society and history in the middle and late Ming Dynasty is of great significance.

Keywords：Tan XiSi ; Ming Da Zheng Zuan Yao ; Big Politics ; Big Politics view

二、刘欣宇：《汉唐起居注研究》；指导老师：曹刚华

中文摘要

起居注是我国古代官方按照年月日期编次，记录帝王言行及朝廷大事的史书体裁。汉唐之间是起居注发展的关键时期，随着其制度的形成，起居注逐渐由宫廷内注变为可与纪传、编年体史书分庭抗礼的一大体裁，成为当时皇权正统的象征与后世制礼作乐、纂修正史的依据。起居注蕴含了我国古代君举必记的注记理想和不虚美、不隐恶的史学品质，影响深远。

起居注脱胎于汉代注记，东汉末年献帝播越，士人得以近侍帷幄，由荀悦所倡导的起居注也开始记录国家大事。陆机在撰修国史之余续撰惠帝起居，开创了晋代著作官掌起居注的先河。晋室南迁后，李轨以礼官身份参与撰述，集注起居成为范式，推动了起居注制度的形成，并为南朝所沿用。北方政权多以君主亲信负责修史，与晋代专职史官大不相同。北魏孝文帝改革时远依往籍，近采时宜，尝试了两种不同的起居注制度，奠定了后来制度设计的两种路线。隋炀帝兼采南北故事，以复古之名使专职起居注官成为定制。其隶属关系在中书、门下间的反复，体现了起居注记事、监戒的双重作用。唐太宗时，随事而记的原则确立，起居注的定位随之转变，编年体国史的地位也为实录所替代。

本文将从起居注制度、文献和相关历史人物入手，对其撰修方式、内容特点 和发展过程进行考察。起居注制度是史官建置的重要环节，也是不同王朝政治生 态、统治思路的体现；文献是其制度演变的直接映证，也是当时政治斗争与社会 变迁的深刻反映；统治者与撰修者是影响起居注变化、发展最生动的要素，探究 人与制度、文本的互动对中古史研究具有重要意义。

关键词：起居注；著作官；史官制度

Abstract

Imperial Diary is a historical genre arranged in chronological order to record emperor’s behavior，pronouncements and royal court events officially. It is a critical stage between Han dynasty and Tang dynasty for the development of Imperial Diary. With the formation of its system, Imperial Diary gradually transformed from a palace diary to a historical genre that can stand up to biographical history and chronicle history as an equal. At last, it became the symbol of orthodox imperial power and the criterion of making system of etiquette and official history. Imperial Diary is far-reaching since it contains the ideals of sticking to all monarch’s behavior and the historical quality of no false virtual with no evil hidden.

Imperial Diary was born out of the notes of the Han dynasty. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the Emperor Xian was exiled, and some officials began to enter the inner court to serve the emperor, then Xun Yue initiated the record of national events with Imperial Diary. Lu Ji, who was the first man of recording Imperial Diary as a historiographer in Jin Dynasty, continued to record Emperor Hui’s daily life apart from compiling the history of the country. After Jin dynasty moved to south, Li Gui, who participated in compiling Imperial Diary as a Minister of Rites, made the assembly of decrees as Imperial Diary widely adopted, which promoted the formation of Imperial Diary system and used by subsequent Southern Dynasty. In the Northern Dynasty, monarch's cronies mainly took charge of recording history, which was different from the professional historical officials in Jin dynasty. The Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty combined both classic texts and temporary characteristics to try two different systems of Imperial Diary, which laid down two methods of later system design. Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty adopted both the north and south system and put the professional diarist into a custom under the name of reviving ancient manners, which subordinate to apartment of Secretariat or sometimes Chancellery, showing the dual functions of Imperial Diary: recording and supervision. During the period of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty，the principle of real-time recording was established, whereupon Imperial Diary’s positioning changed and chronicle state history was also replaced by True Records.

This thesis explored Imperial Diary 's writing methods, content characteristics and development process by studying Imperial Diary system, texts and relevant historical figures. Imperial Diary system is an important part in the establishment of the historiographer system, meanwhile, it is also the embodiment of the political ecology and political thought of different dynasties; texts are direct reflection of the evolution of the system and a profound reflection of the political struggle and social changes in specific time; The rulers and editors are the most vivid elements which can act on the change and development of Imperial Diary. It is exceedingly significant for medieval history research to explore the interactions between people with institutions, and texts.

Keywords：Imperial Diary ; Editorial Directors ; Historiographer system

三、马灿灿 ：《〈罪惟录〉史论研究》；指导老师：阚红柳

中文摘要

査继佐（1601—1676），明末清初著名学者和史家，明遗民，其人生经历是其时遗民史家群体的缩影。面对故国消亡，他隐居不出，以著述讲学为生。在经世思潮的影响下，他孜孜于史学，致力于明史纂修，自觉反思明亡的历史经验教训，即便身罹庄氏史狱亦不改其志，终成有明一代信史——《罪惟录》。在记述史实之外査继佐以史论的形式对明代历史人物、历史事件和典章制度进行分析和评价。史论不仅通贯《罪惟录》全书，在结构上穿针引线，亦是史家思想的精粹，起到了联系史家和史书的作用，具有独特的研究价值。对史论予以系统研究有助于揭示明清鼎革之际遗民史家的修史心态，并进一步探究史家思想、史学发展与社会变动之间的联系。
  本文在系统搜集、整理査继佐生平、史著及《罪惟录》一书史论资料的基础上，从文本出发具体考察査继佐的史学认识和观念，以具体展现明末清初遗民史家在鼎革之际因身份转变的心理落差而形成的矛盾心态，以及遗民对人生、社会、历史的思考。论文一方面利用统计、分析、概括等研究方法，全面梳理和考察《罪惟录》史论，探究其具体数量及在史书中的分布情况，并分别从査继佐对明代帝王、诸臣、重大历史事件和典章制度的看法诸方面具体揭示史论的内容。另一方面注重探析探究史论对于时代问题和明代灭亡历史原因的关注和思考，通过归纳、对比和列举，提炼概括出査继佐在为君之道、为臣之道和明亡原因诸方面的明史视野，揭示其对整个明史关注的独到之处，反映其以史经世报故国之志。论文还从明清之际私家修史兴盛的背景出发，全面审视和评价《罪惟录》史论，揭示其双重性与史家遗民身份的关系，突出反映査继佐在著史过程中如何平衡史家观念和遗民情结以保证史论的价值。
  概而论之，《罪惟录》史论在一定程度上反映了明清之际遗民史家对于明史研究的基本状况和学术水平，虽受传统天命思想和遗民情结的束缚，评价的过程中或有疏漏、亦有偏见，但査继佐惓惓故国之心及其为明史研究所做的努力却值得肯定和尊重。

关键词：査继佐；《罪惟录》；史论

Abstract

Zha Jizuo (1601-1676), a famous scholar and historian in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty, and an adherent of the Ming Dynasty, his life experience is the epitome of historian groups at that time. Faced with the demise of his native country, he lived in seclusion and lived by writing and lecturing. Under the influence of the thought of practice, he worked diligently in historiography, committed to the compilation of Ming history, and consciously reflected on the historical experience and lessons of the Ming Dynasty's demise. Even if he suffered from the case of the Zhuang family, he did not change his ambition, and finally completed the true history of Ming Dynasty --ZuiWeiLu. In addition to describing the historical facts, Zha Jizuo analyzed and evaluated the historical figures, historical events and system of laws and regulations in Ming Dynasty in the form of historical comments. historical comments not only runs through the entire book of ZuiWeiLu, but also threads a needle on the structure, and is also the essence of historian's thought, It plays a role of connecting the historian with the historical books, and has a unique research value.A systematic study of the historical comments is helpful to reveal the mentality of the historians of the adherents during the replacement of Ming Dynasty by Qing Dynasty and to further explore the connections between historians' thoughts, development of historiography, and social changes.
      On the basis of systematically collecting and sorting out Zha Jizuo's life, historical works, and historical comments materials in the book of ZuiWeiLu, this thesis makes a detailed investigation of Zha Jizuo's historical understanding and concepts from the text , in order to show specifically the ambivalence of the historians who survived in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty due to the psychological difference of their identities during the period of the great revolution, as well as their thoughts on life, society and history.On the one hand, the thesis uses statistics,analysis,summary and other research methods to comprehensively sort out and investigate the historical comments of ZuiWeiLu, explore its specific number and distribution in the history books, and reveal the contents of the historical comments from the aspects of Zha Jizuo's views on the emperors, ministers, major historical events and the system of laws and regulations in the Ming Dynasty.On the other hand, it focuses on the analysis of the historical comments' concern and thinking about the problems of the times and the historical causes of the Ming Dynasty's demise.Through induction, comparison and enumeration, it abstracts and summarizes Zha Jizuo's vision of the Ming Dynasty's history in the way of serving the king, the way of serving the officials and the reasons of the Ming Dynasty's demise, reveals its unique concern for the whole Ming Dynasty's history, and reflects its ambition to use the history to serve the motherland . Starting from the background of the prosperity of private history compiling in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty,the paper also comprehensively examines and evaluates the historical comments of ZuiWeiLu, reveals the relationship between historical comments' duality and the identity of the historian's adherents of the Ming Dynasty, highlighting ZhaJizuo how to balance the historian's concept and the adherents' complex in the process of history writing so as to ensure the value of historical comments.
      Generally speaking, the historical comments of ZuiWeiLu ,to a certain extent, reflects the basic situation and academic level of the study of Ming history by the historians of the adherents at the time of the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty. Although bound by the traditional idea of destiny and the complex of the adherents, there may be omissions and biases in the process of evaluation, yet Zha Jizuo's heart of his motherland and efforts for the study of Ming history deserve recognition and respect.

Keywords：Zha Jizuo ; ZuiWeiLu ; historical comments

四、贾芳芳：《书写盛世：康熙朝大学士与官修书籍研究》；指导老师：阚红柳

中文摘要

盛世修典是我国古代优秀的文化传统。康熙朝是我国图书事业发展繁荣的重要时期。康熙帝在位六十余年，从研习古代文化典籍到广泛整理、纂修古代文化典籍，无不显示了帝王与官修书籍纂修的重要关系。在康熙帝的主导下，大学士在官修书籍纂修过程中发挥了重要作用，是康熙帝修书政策的具体执行者和实践者。通过官修书籍整理、纂修、颁布，康熙帝借此达到巩固统治、辅弼王治的政治效用。作为文化精英的大学士，则在官修书籍纂修活动展现了高度的修书及文化自觉。

利用清代实录、起居注、清人文集等文献资料，细致考证康熙朝大学士参与官修书籍的纂修实践活动。以个体研究和群体研究相结合的方式，以熊赐履、张英、陈廷敬、李光地四位康熙朝大学士为典型个案，对其官修书籍纂修活动的具体实践一一考实，探究康熙帝与大学士群体在书籍纂修活动中体现的政策认同和文化理念。

康熙朝大学士参与官修书籍的纂修实践活动，一方面强烈体现了康熙帝作为帝王裨于治道的实用主义取向，另一方面则是作为知识分子的大学士群体官修书籍的政治认知与文化理念。康熙帝通过官修书籍纂修，改造传统文化典籍中的内容、思想、形式，化为已用，树立国家的典范不易之作，成为王朝统治的重要手段和理论基础。康熙朝大学士凭借自身才能总裁诸书，具体推进官修书籍纂修实践活动。通过具体的官修书籍纂修实践，大学士逐渐形成了自身关于康熙朝官修书籍的修书理念，以及政治认同和文化理解等，对清代学术文化产生了重要影响。

关键词：康熙朝；大学士；官修书籍；书籍纂修

Abstract

Compiling classics in the flourishing age is an excellent cultural tradition in ancient China. Kangxi is an important period for the development and prosperity of China’s book business. During more than 60 years of the reign, emperor kangxi practiced by all the ways from studying ancient cultural classics to extensively organizing and compiling ancient cultural classics. It shows the important relationship between the emperor and compiling classics. Under the leadership of emperor kangxi, secretary of the Grand Secretariat played an important role in the process of the practice of compiling classics, and was the specific implementer and practitioner of kangxi’s compiling classics. Through the consolidation, compile and promulgation of officially compiled classics, The emperor kangxi achieved the political utility of consolidating the rule and assisting the king’s rule to success. As the cultural elite, secretary of the Grand Secretariat during the officially compiling activities show a high dergree of consciousness.

Making use of the literature series such as Ture Record Of Qing Dynasty, The Imperial Diary and the collection of The Qing，we will examine of the practice of officially compiled classics by the secretary of the Grand Secretariat. By combining individual research with group research ,take Xiong Cilv, Zhangying, Chen Tingjing, Li Guangdi four the secretary of the Grand Secretariat as typical cases. The concrete practices of its officially compiled classics activities is verified, and the policy identity and cultural concepts embodied by the emperor kangxi and the secretary of the Grand Secretariat group in the officially compiled classics activities are explored.

Kangxi secretary of the Grand Secretariat participate in the practice of the officially compiled classics, on the one hand, it strongly embodies the pragmatic orientation of the emperor kangxi as an emperor conduciving toward the ruling. On the other hand, it is the political cognition and cultural idea of the bachelor’s group as an intellectual. The emperor kangxi, turough the compilation of official classics, to transform the content, thought, form in the traditional cultural classics, set up a model work of the country, become an important means and theoretical basis of dynastic rule. The Kangxi secretary of the Grand Secretariat by virtue of his own talent to leads compiling classics, promoting the practice of the compilation of official classics. By the practice of the compilation of official classics, the secretary of the Grand Secretariat gradually formed their own concept of the Kangxi official classics, as well as political identity and cultural understanding, which had an important impact on the academic culture of the Qing Dynasty.

Keywords：Kangxi period ; The secretary of the Grand Secretariat ; official classics ; Compiling classics

五、金凯薇：《刘承幹身份认同与文献事业研究》；指导老师：皮庆生

中文摘要

刘承幹（1882－1963年）是中国近代著名的藏书家和刻书家，本文利用刘氏之《求恕斋日记》、《嘉业堂藏书志》等一手资料，勾稽了刘承幹自1900年到1963年半个多世纪内的阅读、交游、刻书活动，探讨清遗民身份影响下刘承幹的文献事业。

刘承幹一生事迹丰富，受到乐善好施的家风影响，他积极参与地方公益，又因其有志于藏书刻书和清遗民的身份，他与当时名流巨儒交往颇多，如缪荃孙、罗振玉、王国维等人，其中不少人和他一样忠于清室，这些清遗民相聚在一起雅集结社、诗酒唱和，为刘承幹的藏书、刻书事业提供了帮助。

刘承幹几乎日日读书，从《求恕斋日记》中留下的阅读记录看，他的阅读数量具有明显的时间性，以二十世纪初为最高峰，其后每年的阅读数量逐渐减少。刘承幹阅读书目的选择亦受到外部环境和自我身份定位的影响，具有新旧交错的特点，但出于其保守的政治立场，他偏爱古籍明显甚于新学书报，而对于宣传革命思想的著作更是持消极否定的态度。

刻书是刘承幹为中国文化事业做出的又一重要贡献。刘承幹刊刻书籍力求尽善尽美，不仅广邀名家名手，还亲自参与校勘，经他之手校勘的书籍占到所刻书籍的将近一半。刘承幹如此重视校勘，不仅是出于知识分子存亡继绝、嘉惠后学的使命感，更是受到其清遗民身份认同的影响，相比于直接投身于复辟运动，刘承幹则选择通过振兴学术来重建当时人对儒家传统价值观和道德伦理的信仰，从这个角度看，他在乎传统文化的延续，更甚于一家一姓的王朝更替。

本文认为，刘承幹的自我定位有作为传统知识分子的一面，有作为地方精英的一面，也有作为清室遗老的一面，他的自我价值定位影响了他的交游选择、阅读实践和藏书刻书，他的文献事业又帮助他实现身份认同。本文通过对刘承幹家世生平和文献事业的梳理，展现历史变动中一个普通知识分子的思考和选择，以期为研究嘉业堂主人刘承幹和中国近代阅读史提供一个可资借鉴的个例。

关键词：嘉业堂；刘承幹；身份认同；文献事业

Abstract

Liu Chenggan（刘承幹） (1882-1963) was a well-known bibliophile and book engraver in modern China. This article aims to probe into Liu’s document career under the consequence of adherents of Qing dynasty by describing Liu Chenggan's reading, friendship, and engraving activities from 1900 to 1963 depending on the first-hand materials such as the Diary of Qiushuzhai（《求恕斋日记》）, Collection of Books in Jiayetang（《嘉业堂藏书志》） and so on.

Liu Chenggan has a colorful and flourishing life. Influenced by the charitable family style, he actively participated in local public welfare activities. Thanks to the identity of a bibliophile, book engraver and the adherent of Qing dynasty, he made friends with refined scholars during that period, such as Miao Quansun（缪荃孙）, Luo Zhenyu（罗振玉）, Wang Guowei（王国维）and so on, among whom are loyal to Qing Dynasty as he is. They gathered together to form the clubs, sing for the poem, drink the wine, which make great contribution to Liu’s career.

Liu Chenggan spent almost every day reading books. Judging from the reading records recorded in the Diary of Qiushuzhai（《求恕斋日记》）, his reading volume has obvious temporality, with the early 20th century as the peak, and the number of readings gradually decreases every year thereafter. Liu Chenggan’ s choice of reading is also influenced by the external environment and self-identity with the characteristics of interlacing old and new style. However, due to his conservative political position, he prefers Old Learning to the New Learning books and newspapers and has the negative attitude towards the classics of propagating the idea of revolution.

Engraving is another important contribution made by Liu Chenggan to Chinese culture. Liu Chenggan published tens of thousands of engraved books which are exquisite and of high quality. Most of the engraved books are collated by many famous experts, and even nearly half of them are collated on his own. The reason why he attaches great importance to collation, not only due to the sense of mission of the intellectuals who were trying to protect and benefit the descendant, but also the influence of the adherents of Qing dynasty. Compared with directly investing in the restoration movement, Liu Chenggan chose to revitalize academics by rebuilding people's beliefs about Confucian traditional values and ethics at that time. Judging from these, we can know that he cares more about the continuation of traditional culture than the change of dynasty.

This article believes that Liu Chenggan's self-positioning are the mixture of traditional intellectual, the local elite and the adherents of Qing dynasty. His self-value positioning has influenced his choice of friends, reading, and book engraving. His documentary career helped him to realize his identity. By arranging Liu chenggan's family life and literature career, this paper presents the thinking and selection of an ordinary intellectual in the course of historical changes, hoping to provide a case study for the study of Liu Chenggan, the owner of Jiaye-Tang, and the study of the history of modern reading in China.

Keywords：Jiaye-Tang Liu Chenggan Identity Document career

六、张慧清：《宋代史钞研究——阅读史视野下的考察》；指导老师：皮庆生

中文摘要

史钞在宋代首次成为目录中的独立类目，这一时期可考的史钞有147种。由于史钞的编者，首先也是史书的读者，宋代史钞的内容反映出宋人眼中热门的史学读物和重要的历史知识。

宋代史钞主要由四种类型组成：“精语”（好词摘抄）、“文类”（范文精选）、“事类”（史事类编）以及史书节本，这四类史钞体现了宋人不同的读史目的和习惯。摘抄“精语”者，喜读《左传》《汉书》，从中搜集古雅的文词，作为写作的素材。辑录“文类”者，青睐《汉书》《后汉书》，从中摘录两汉的诏令奏议，引为作文的典范。区分“事类”者，注重《左传》《通鉴》，从中类编兴亡事迹与典章制度，以便更好地把握历史线索。节抄史书者，看重《通鉴》《长编》，从中重点抄录历史故事和史评，以提升史书的可读性。这些方面代表了宋人阅读经典史书的多个面向。

同时，史钞不仅是阅读史书的产物，它本身也是宋代流行的史学读物。现存的31部宋本史钞以及书上的标抹痕迹，反映出史钞在这一时期的阅读情况。一方面，宋代出版者往往为史钞设计有丰富的副文本和提示性符号，包括图谱、阅读纲领、天头摘要等等，用于辅助读者进行高效快捷的阅读。另一方面，宋代读者在实际阅读过程中，也经常采用各式符号进行标注：或点出句读，或标出多音字声调，或标记关键内容，或划分文本层次，以此对史钞进行精读或选读。宋代的部分史钞文本后来逐渐经典化，成为后世读者乃至域外读者获得历史知识的重要来源。

关键词：史钞；阅读史；史书阅读；历史知识

Abstract

In the Song, the literary type of excerpts of history books (shichao史鈔) had firstly cataloged as a distinct category, among which had at least 147 books in the period. Compilers of these historical excerpts were readers of history books as well. As a result, historical excerpts definitely reflected what the popular historical works were and what the important historical knowledge was for these readers at the time.

 excerpts include four types: (1) literary selection of excellent phrases (jingyu精語), (2) quintessence of normal writings (wenlei文類), (3) rearrangement of historical facts (shilei事類) and (4) abridged edition of history books (jieben節本), presenting divergent purposes and habits of reading history in the Song period. The first jingyu preferred classical resources such as Zuozhuan and Hanshu for writing expressions. The second wenlei preferred the edicts and memorials by Han officials from Hanshu and Houhanshu as normal writings. Readers of Zuozhuan and Zizhi tongjian who focused on peculiar historical events and administrative regulations made compilations in the third shilei. And ones who loved history stories and historical critiques abridged Zizhi tongjian and Xu zizhi tongjian changbian, making the classics more readable in the fourth way. These works reveal the multi-facets in the reading practices of classic history books in the Song.

These excerpts from histories books were more than reading notes, they also won wide readers. The extant 31 books of historical excerpts that were engraved and printed in the Song, together with reading marks on texts and margins, reflected the process of reading excerpts in Song times. On the one hand, Song publishers offered informative paratexts and designed marks, including figures, outlines, and abstracts in upper margins, for readers’ quick and effective reading. On the other hand, readers of excerpts would use various symbols to mark by themselves, such as punctuation marks, phonetic notations, that of highlighting key sentences, of layering contents, to read these works intensively or selectively. Some historical excerpts written in the Song were thus gradually canonized to the extent that they became significant texts and sources of historical knowledge for readers in the later centuries and those from exotic civilizations.

Keywords：Excerpts of History Books ; the History of Reading ; Reading History ; Historical Knowledge

七、范俊坡：《清人对〈明史〉的阅读与研究》；指导老师：黄爱平

中文摘要

本文运用阅读史和史学史的方法，探究清人对《明史》的阅读与研究。首先梳理《明史》的刊印与版本情况，分析清代学人士子获得《明史》的不同途径，指出清人想要获得《明史》是颇为方便的。其次，探究清人《明史》阅读行为本身，清代《明史》的读者群体很广，包含帝王、文人、女性等，他们阅读《明史》大多是希望以明朝历史为殷鉴，为现实提供经验。通过阅读，《明史》相关史事记载和评价对清人产生了影响。再次，论述了清人对《明史》的褒贬和评论，揭示出政治与学术是影响清人《明史》评论的两个重要因素，对前人的观点有所纠偏。最后，研究清人对《明史》的修订与改编之作。官方的改修本《明史》提高了《明史》一书的质量，但因流传不广，未对清人的明史研究产生实际影响。《明史考证捃逸》虽然是钞撮官方改修《明史》成果而成，但有其时代价值。此外，清人私下对《明史》的考订比较零散，但在一定程度上促进了《明史》的研究。清人对《明史》的改编之作反映了官方与私人对明朝历史认识的差异。

关键词：清代；《明史》；阅读史；史学评论

Abstract

This paper uses the methods of reading history and history to explore the reading and research of Ming History by the Qing people. First of all, combing the publication and version of Ming History, analyzing the different ways in which Qing scholars obtained "Ming History" and pointing out that it is extremely convenient for qing people to obtain "Ming History". Secondly, to explore the Qing People's Ming History reading behavior itself, the Qing Dynasty "Ming History" readership is very broad, including emperors, literati, women, etc. , they read "Ming History" mostly hope to the Ming Dynasty history as a mirror, to provide experience for reality. Through reading, the historical records and evaluation of Ming History have had an impact on the Qing people. Thirdly, this paper discusses the Qing people's derogatory comments and comments on ming history, reveals that politics and scholarship are two important factors influencing the comments of the Qing People's Ming History, and correct the views of the predecessors. Finally, the study of Qing people's revision and adaptation of Ming History. The official revision of the "Ming History" improved the quality of the book "Ming History", but because of the spread is not widely, it did not have a real impact on the Ming History of the Qing people. Although "Ming History" is the official reform of the "Ming History" results, but has its time value. In addition, the Qing people privately to the "Ming History" of the examination is relatively fragmented, but to a certain extent, to promote the "Ming History" research. The Adaptation of Ming History by the Qing people reflects the difference between official and private understanding of the history of the Ming Dynasty.

Keywords：Qing Dynasty ; A History of the Ming Dynasty ; The History of Reading ; Historical Review