2005年历史文献学专业硕士论文摘要

1. 从出使日记看晚清驻外使臣的前瞻性思想--以郭、曾、薛、崔的日记为中心

论文作者：刁美林

导师姓名：李景屏

培养单位：历史学院清史所

论文名称：从出使日记看晚清驻外使臣的前瞻性思想--以郭、曾、薛、崔的日记为中心

中文摘要

本文以出使日记为研究对象，对其中所蕴含的使臣的前瞻性思想进行了考察，并作了客观评价。本文主要是依靠对出使日记当中有价值的材料归类整理而展开论述，本文的创新之处在于：把出使日记作为一种当时特有的社会现象进行研究，探讨出使日记所蕴含的前瞻性思想和对当时、现在所产生的不可忽视的影响。 1875年，清政府决定与西方建立对等性外交关系，派郭嵩焘为首任驻外公使，并于1877年开馆伦敦。之后，陆续有了曾纪泽、薛福成等等使臣出使欧美等国。从光绪三年（1877）起，总理衙门就要求驻外使臣必须写工作日记，记载交涉事件及各国风土人情，并及时转交国内，以备参考。目前学识界关于出使日记的研究很少，相关的研究成果也主要是针对个别比较著名的日记进行的具体研究。直接相关的研究成果主要有5篇论文。本文的主要研究对象是著名使臣郭嵩焘、曾纪泽、薛福成、崔国因的日记，他们的日记具有典型代表性。本文对出使日记中最有价值内容——即使臣的前瞻性思想进行研究，主要分为政治、经济、军事、文化教育思想四个方面。关于政治思想，本文论述了中西之间政治制度的差异以及出使日记中对西方的议院制、君主立宪等体制的赞扬。 关于经济思想，本文对出使日记中高度评价商业在西方国家经济中所处的地位——“以行商为制国之本”、倡导并且保护商业发展进行了介绍，并对中国的关税主权问题以及对清政府“低进口税、高出口税”的政策进行了探讨。对于军事方面，本文考察了出使日记中所介绍的西方先进军事设备，并对英、法等国先进的军事建制进行了详细的介绍。至于文教科技方面，本文对出使日记中有关第二次科技革命的成果进行了介绍，也结合中国的情况对西方所实行的义务教育、女子教育进行了评论。对出使日记前瞻性思想的研究，具有深刻的历史反思。出使日记中的前瞻性思想以及对国际关系的介绍——英俄矛盾、俄国对中国的侵略、日本的崛起等并未引起清朝当权者的重视，不仅没有起到应有的借鉴和警示作用，反而被束之高阁，甚至横遭诋毁和攻击，中国为此所付出惨痛的代价，让人扼腕痛惜。出使日记是清政府睁眼看世界、中国知识分子审视中西差异的重要成果，在一定程度上抨击了中国传统的“华夷”观念，对先进中国人探索救国救民的道路产生了积极影响，促进了维新思潮等的兴起和发展。研究出使日记，对当今中国的改革开放事业具有一定的历史借鉴作用。因而对保存下来的出使日记整体进行探讨是十分有必要的，不仅对当今的改革开放事业具有重要的现实意义，对于史学研究也有一定的学术意义。

英文摘要

This text regards the envoy diaries as the research object, has investigated the perspective thoughts of the special envoys stationed abroad contained among them , and appraised objectively. This text mainly rely on sorting through the valuable material in the envoy diaries to launch describing.The writing innovation of the thesis is studying the envoy diary as a kind of peculiar social phenomenon at that time on the whole, probing into the perspective thought that the diary contains and the nonnegligible influence they produced at that time and currently. Qing Government meant to establish reciprocity diplomatic relations with the west in 1875 and Guo Songtao was appointed as the first minister in Great Britain .In 1877, the embassy was opened in London. Later, there were many ambassadors successively sent to go to America and Europe such as Zeng Jize and Xue FuCheng . From the third year of Guangxu period (1877 ), in order to consult, Premier's yamen required the envoy stayed abroad to write the work diary, record negotiation incident and local conditions and customs of various countries and pass on our country in time. There is little research about envoy diary in academic circles at present. Relevant research results are mainly the concrete researches that point to specific more famous diaries. Directly relevant research results have 5 theses mainly. The main research objects in this text are the diaries of the famous ambassadors Guo Songtao, Zeng Jize, Xue FuCheng and Cui Guoyin. Their diaries have typical representativeness. The research of the most valuable content in the diaries, that is to say, the research of the ambassador's perspective thought, was mainly told in 4 aspects in section two of the text .They are politics , economy , military , culture and education thoughts. About the politics ideology, this text has described the difference of political systems between china and western countries. Such systems as the western making , constitutional monarchy of legislative assembly ,etc were praised in the envoy diaries. As far as the economic thought, this text has told that the envoys speak highly of the status of the commerce in western countries' economy---" regard doing business as and make it the foundation of the country ". This text tells that the government should advocate and protect the commerce to develop and discusses the Chinese tariff independence. The ignorant policy of " low import tax , high export duty " of the Qing Government is criticized in the text. As for the military thought , this text has investigated the western advanced military equipment which were introduced in the envoy diaries and has told such country's advanced military affairs as Great Britain , France that were recorded in the envoy diaries. As regards the culture , This text has made an introduction to the achievement about the second revolution in science and technology in the diary and commented on the compulsory education , woman education of the west ,combining the situation of China. The research to the perspective thought of diary has deep historical introspection. The perspective thought of the envoy diaries and introduction of international relations such as the contradictions between Britain and Russia, Russian invasion wild ambition to China, development of Japan, had not played due reference and warned function, were laid aside and neglected instead, even attacked. The cost China paid for this lets people hold their own wrists to deeply regret. These diaries are important achievements of the Qing Government opening and watching the world , Chinese intellectual examining the midwest closely. Traditional " China is safe " idea  was condemned to a certain extent. The diaries had exerted a positive influence in exploring the road of salvaging the country and the nation for the Chinese elite,promoted the rise and development in reform ideological trend ,etc. The research to the envoy diaries has certain historical reference function for the undertaking reform and opening. It is very necessary to give studying wholly to the diaries that are kept.The research not only has the important realistic meaning for the reform and opening-up undertaking of China,but also has important academic meanings in prospering historiography.

2. 朱彝尊学术研究

论文作者：摆娟

导师姓名：黄爱平

培养单位：历史学院清史所

论文名称：朱彝尊学术研究

中文摘要

    明清之际，朝代更迭，社会动荡，许多学者都经历或亲身参加过当时激烈的阶级斗争，他们对于封建衰世的种种弊端，以及王学末流的空谈心性有着切肤感受，因此揭露和抨击明末理学的空疏无用则更为深刻。受这种风气影响，清初出现了一大批以经证经、回归汉学的学者，他们通经以致用，倡导博学详考。朱彝尊则是这么一位开风气的学者，他不仅是一位文学家，还是一位经学家和史学家。全面考查朱彝尊的学术成就和学术思想，进一步了解清初学术风气，正确评价朱彝尊的学术地位是十分必要的。然而迄今为止的研究成果，多是侧重朱氏的文学著作或文学思想，把他作为一位文学家来加以研究；至于朱氏之经史学成就，则侧重其某一方面，或某一著作本身的研究，缺乏宏观、全面的研究。本文致力于从朱彝尊生平、学术成就、学术思想及清代学术史相结合的角度进行探讨，剖析朱氏学术思想的形成过程，以及他对清初学术的推动作用。朱彝尊（1629－1709），浙江秀水人，字锡鬯，号竹垞。年少时聪慧过人，有着过目不忘的本领。十岁跟随叔父朱茂皖学习，一心钻研古文，博览群书，对经学、诗词和史学都表现出极为浓厚的兴趣。顺治六年（1649年），二十一岁迁居梅里，与同里王翃、周篔、缪泳、沈进、李绳远、李良年、李符等交游作诗。由于当时正值明清交替，社会动荡，朱彝尊便四处漂泊，离家外游，先后在广东、浙江、山西、山东担任幕僚。直到康熙十八年特开博学鸿儒科，朱彝尊才被荐举入朝，授翰林院检讨，参与编纂《明史》。朱彝尊进入史馆后，为了表达自己的看法，连续七上史馆总裁书，对《明史》的编写体例、资料搜集、完稿时间、史实辨伪和整体设计等方面提出了一系列的意见，集中反映了朱彝尊的史学思想。他提出重视史料搜集、体例订定；倡导分类纂修、勿限期限；强调史实考辨、秉笔直书。这些建议都得到了史馆总裁的认可，对于我们今天编纂史书也具有很强的借鉴意义。而朱氏之巨著《经义考》，则集中反映了朱彝尊的经学思想，并包含着他的目录学思想。朱彝尊主张尊汉儒注疏、回归经学；在批驳宋儒的同时也肯定宋儒的道德修养，以辨正的态度对待宋儒，主张调和朱陆。朱彝尊效仿宋代王应麟《玉海·艺文门》、元代马端临《文献通考·经籍考》两书，在《经义考》收录的每一条下，记录所存的各种序跋、论述，范围更加广泛，构成了一部收罗全面的辑录体巨著，具有很强的资料价值。朱彝尊借鉴前人的编纂方法，在此基础之上有所创新，使目录的编纂方法更加完善。他的这一创例，广为后来撰目录者所取。朱氏穷其一生完成的巨著《经义考》，对《明史·艺文志》和《四库全书总目》提供了现成的资料。《明史·艺文志》中经部的《易》、《书》、《诗》、《礼》四类基本上是钞录《经义考》中同类，限于体例删去了前代和朱氏标有“未见”、“佚”的条目，仅作了个别的修改。《四库全书总目》利用朱氏的材料进行考辨，其文献价值甚为重要。在进行这些学术活动的同时，朱彝尊还与书结伴，他一生藏书达八万卷，读书、抄书、藏书、著书、校书、刻书，其中无不体现朱氏的严谨治学态度。为了得到珍贵典籍，朱氏不惜金钱、不辞辛劳，购书、抄书一直是他的嗜好。为了得到大藏书家钱曾的《读书敏求记》，他设计偷出原稿，命人连夜抄书，使这本反映钱曾版本目录学造诣的书籍得以广泛流传。也正是因为抄书之故，朱彝尊利用进入史馆之便，将四方之进书、史馆之藏书私下抄录，被掌院学士牛钮等人告发，而降官一级。抄书虽然使朱氏受挫，但仍然改变不了他多年的嗜好，也正是因为朱氏藏书丰富，他才能博览群书，达到通经的境界。而他为了抄书、校书、刻书付出的辛勤劳动，为我们今天保存了大量文献资料，可谓功不可没。在八十一年的坎坷生涯中，朱彝尊以惊人的毅力，不知疲倦地涉足于词、诗、经、史、文等众多领域，直至生命的最后一息，取得了巨大成就。他以广博的知识、精当的考证，终其一生，完成了多部文学、经学、史学巨著，为当时及以后的学者提供了重要的借鉴意义。除《五代史注》、《日下旧闻》、《曝书亭集》、《经义考》外，还有《瀛州道古录》、《韵粹》、《静志居诗话》、《腾笑集》、《明词综》、《诗综》等书，深深影响着同时代及后世许多学者。参考吴梁先生《朱彝尊著述考略》一文，本文附朱氏之著作于后，令读者对朱氏之著述有更为清楚的认识。朱彝尊身后，他的许多著作或研究成果又被增补、引用，甚至是校正，这正是历史发展的必然趋势。无论什么时候，都不可能出现一成不变的学术成果，而这种增补、引用或校正，正是对朱彝尊研究工作的一种肯定。明清之际的文坛学界，朱彝尊占有重要地位，他对于转变清初空疏学风、开创乾嘉尚实学风功不可没，而他对于清初整个学术发展所起的推动作用，还有待更加深入的研究。

英文摘要

During the Ming - Qing dynasties , the social unrested in an interchange of times， many scholars had experienced of taking part in the fierce class struggle at that time. Towards the various shortcomings of the feudal age,they had  deep feel at the school of thought Wang’s extremity of empty talk, so they exposed and attacked fiercely towards the superficiality and uselessness of Confucian school of idealist Philosophy during the end of MING. Affected by this ethos, there were a large number of  scholars coming out in Qing dynasty , using classic to prove the study of Confucian classics and come back to the Han school of classical Philology. They studied classic to make a use ,proposed erudition and detailed criticism. Zhu Yizun was this scholar who created the academy atmosphere . He was not only a litterateur,but also a classicist and historian. It was very nessary and important to explore Zh's scholarship and thoughts, know more about the scholar climate in the beginning of Qing dynasty , and appreciate his academic position . However,the reaserch returned up to now，most of them were emphasize particularly on Zh's literary work or literary thoughts ，they taked him as a  litteratenr to explore；about Zh's achievements on the study of Confucian classic and historiography，they emphasized particularly on the other side，or reaserched a works itself，lacking of the macrography and completely research .This article combins Zh's life,scholarship,thoughts and the scholastic history of Qing dynasty to study , taking apart the process of his scholastic thoughts ，and his pushing effect on the scholarship in the early Qing dynasty. Zhu Yizun（1629－1709），born in Xiu Shui of Zhe Jiang province，and he was called Xichang as his Zi and Zhucha as his Hao.He was a boy with a wit ,never forgetting when he saw something when he was young，and he had a ability of good memories。when he was 10, he studied from his uncle Zhu Maowan of the ancient prose hardly ，read a lot of books，and showed his large interests on the study of confucian classics ,poem and history-learning .YEAR 1649，when he was 21,he changed his dwelling house to Mei Li, berhyming and traveling together with Wang Hong,Zhou Ben,Miao Yong,Shen Jin,Li Shengyuan,Li Liangnian,Li Fu.As a result of they were in the times of the turn of Ming-Qing ，the social unrested，Zh wondered many places，travelled out home，as an assistant to high official in Guang Dong,Zhe Jiang,ShanXi,Shan Dong.Untill year 18 in SHUNZHI,the government convened BOXUEHONGRU,Zh was recommend as HanLinYuanJianTao, entered into the dictionary making of“MingShi”. After he worked in the MingShi accommodation， In order to express his ideas,he continuously submitted document to the head examiner 7times.He offered his system of sugestion on the  compile,source connecting,finish time,history examination and the whole design， all of these showed his historical thoughts。He offered the idea that to pay attention of connecting the history-sources；sparkplug to classify and compile、no limit-time；emphasize to the textual research on historical fact、write directly.All of the suggestions were ratified by the head of the history accommodation，and we can use it for reference in history-compile。 Zh’ monumental work “Jing Yi Kao”,epitomizes all the thoughts on the study of Confucian classics，and it contains the thoughts on the bibliography 。ZH advocated respectting annotation of Han scholars’ ,coming back to the study of Confucian classics；as criticizing Song scholars,he also affirmed their moralization.Zhu followed Wang Yinglin “YuHai·YiWenMen”of Song dynasty,Ma Duanlin “WenXianTongKao·JingJiKao” of Yuan dynasty,under each item in “Jing Yi Kao”,taking notes of all preface and postscript,discuss,having strong  data value. Zhu borrowed ideas from the predecessors ，created somethings on the basis of it，made the bibliography-complie better。His fact of creation was absorbed by the bibliographer later。Zhu devoted his whole life to write the works“Jing Yi Kao”，and offered ready-made materials to “MingShi·YiWenZhi” and “SiKuQuanShuZongMu”.The “Yi”, “Shu”, “Shi”, “Li” of “MingShi·YiWenZhi”were transcribed from the same part of “JingYiKao”,leaving oue the item of “Weijian” and “Yi” ,and made very few changes. “SiKuQuanShuZongMu” used the materials from Zhu to prove, the value of literature was very important 。 when he doing these academic activities， Zhu made friends with books. He had 80,000 books in his life，and read,copied,collected ,writed, checked ,carved books , all of which showed his rigorous scholarship .In order to get the rare works，he spent a lot of money and overcame a lot of difficulties, and hade the habbit of buying and coping books。In order to have the “DuShuMinQiuJi” from book-collector Qian Zeng, he designed to steal out teh manuscript，and asked someone to copy it all night，and made it from mouth to mouth. Because of copying books, Zhu was impeached by Niu Niu ,who was the head of HanLinYuan ,and  he was demoted later.Though Zhu was baffled from copying books ,he never changed his hobby, and because of his rich collecting books, he can understand classics quite well.He made hardworking of copying, checking, carving books, and served a lot of documentary materials, and his contribution was very important. During the 81 rough life, Zhu set foot in statement poetry, poem,classics,history and literature until his last time of life, and made gigantic achievement.He used wide knowledge ,precise textual criticism, writing a lot of books ,such as “WuDaiShiZhu”, “RiXiaJiuWen”, “PuShuTingJi”, “JingYiKao”,and “YingZhouDaoGuLu”, “YunCui”, “JingZhiJuShiHua”, “TengXiaoJi”, “MingCiZong”, “ShiZong” and so on,deeply affected the scholars that time and later. Refered to “ZhuYiZun ZhuShuKaoLue” by Mr.Wu Liang, there is an appendix in the end of this article,letting readers to know Zhu’s writing more clearly. After Zhu passed away， many of his works or reaserch results have been added and quoted ,even emendation. It was a inevitable trend, whenever，there can’t be research results never changed, and this adding,quoting or correcting were good affirmation to Zhu’ work.Duing Ming-Qing academic circled, Zhu taked a very important part ,and he contributed to change the superficial atmosphere at the beginning of Qing,and starting the real learning atmosphere of Qian-Jia.However, his contribution of pushing the whole academic circles of Qing dynasty ,is waited to deeper research.

3. 宋人对两汉书的整理与研究

论文作者：颜士刚

导师姓名：李晓菊

培养单位：历史学院历史系

论文名称：宋人对两汉书的整理与研究

中文摘要

本文论述的主题是宋人对两汉书的整理与研究。宋人在整理与研究两汉书过程中所取得了丰硕成果，这既是宋代历史文献学所取得的突出成绩的一个有机组成部分，也是宋人对两汉书整理与研究进程的重要贡献。本文共分五个部分：绪论部分简要介绍宋代史学的特点和宋代历史文献学的主要成绩，并概括学界目前对该论题的研究状况，进而指出该选题是有研究意义的。第一章宋人对两汉书的校勘，首先结合《宋史·艺文志》中著录的关于两汉书的整理性著作，对北宋时期六次校勘两汉书的情况做一介绍，即宋太宗淳化年间校勘、真宗景德年间校勘、真宗乾兴年间校勘、仁宗景祐年间校勘、仁宗嘉祐六年校勘及嘉祐八年校勘，校勘形成了两汉书的多个刊本，对后世产生重要影响。刘敞、刘攽及刘奉世（时人称三人为“三刘”）合撰的《三刘汉书标注》，由于三人对两汉书刊误的具体内容不同，后人在将这些内容整理成书时侧重也不同，遂导致不同时期目录著作在著录该书时名称不一致，虽然该书已亡佚，但其在校勘、注释《汉书》的进程中“承前启后”的作用却不容忽视。吴仁杰《两汉刊误补遗》为补“三刘”之作，全书十卷，该书在校勘两汉书进程中亦有重要价值，四库馆臣认为该书“引据赅洽，考证详晰，务使明白无疑而后已”。第二章宋人对两汉书的补作与改编，补作部分首先论述了钱文子《补汉兵志》和熊方《补后汉书年表》，前者乃作者为从汉代兵制中探求救弊措施，采摭《汉书》而成，可补《汉书》无兵志之阙；后者乃作者因《后汉书》无年表所做的补作，也是现存的最早的补《后汉书》年表之作，该书对推动《后汉书》年表的补作具有重要意义。然后对宋人改编两汉书所取得的成果一一做以介绍，有以两汉书为基础辑录而成的《两汉会要》、《两汉诏令》，有以两汉书为基础又参阅他书改编而成的《西汉年纪》，更有抄录两汉书而成的《两汉博闻》，这些著作分属不同的类别，体例各不相同，足见宋人改编两汉书成果之宏富。第三章宋人对两汉书的考证与研究，宋人对两汉书的考证成果，主要有王应麟《汉艺文志考证》，此书为考证《汉书·艺文志》的首部专书，标志着宋人对两汉书研究的走向具体和深入。以洪迈《容斋随笔》为代表的宋人笔记中也保留有大量对两汉书考证的内容，这些考证的范围非常广泛，有考证体例的，有考证内容的，有考证文字的，更有考证两汉书注的等多个方面。宋人对《史记》、《汉书》的比较研究主要体现在两方面，其一是郑樵《通志·总序》中的史评，郑樵不仅强烈斥班扬马，而且将“史汉异同”的研究从文字比较层面上升到体例断限层面；其二是倪思《班马异同》及加上刘辰翁评的《班马异同评》，该书为比较“史汉异同”的首部专著，其内容将《史记》、《汉书》的文字异同区别清楚，“二书互勘，长短较然，于史学颇为有功”，该书对推动班马异同研究具有重要作用。结语部分首先肯定了宋人对两汉书的整理与研究所取得的成绩，不仅保持了隋唐之际《汉书》研究的“显学”地位，而且在《后汉书》的研究上取得了许多新突破，并简要分析了两宋时期研治两汉书盛于《史记》这一现象的原因。

英文摘要

The theme of this thesis is the collation and study of Han Shu and Hou Han Shu by the scholars of the Song Dynasty. The scholars of the Song Dynasty gained great achievements in the course of collating and studying of the two books, which were not only a part of the achievements of the Historical Documentics in the Song Dynasty, but also great contributions to the process of collating and studying of Han Shu and Hou Han Shu. The thesis falls into five sections: The introductory chapter briefly introduces the characteristics of the Song Dynasty’s historiography and the achievements of the Historical Documentics of the Song Dynasty, and neatly summarises the study situations of this topic, in that, it is worthy to write the thesis. The first chapter of this thesis is about the collating work on Han Shu and Hou Han Shu done by the scholars of the Song Dynasty. Combining the Song Shi  Yi Wen Zhi’s records about the Han Shu and Hou Han Shu, there were introductions to the six times’ collations done by the Central Government of Northern Song Dynasty, which were collations done during the Song Taizong Chunhua period, the Song Zhenzong Jingde period, the Zhenzong Qianxing period, the Song Renzong Jingyou period, the Renzong Jiayou sixth year period and the Renzong Jiayou eighth year period. San Liu Han Shu Biao Zhu, written by Liuchang, Liuban and Liu Fengshi, had important function in the course of collating Han Shu, although it had already been losen. Liang Han Kan Wu Bu Yi, written by Wu Renjie, was a complement work to the anterior book, and the Si Ku Guan Chen appraised it highly. The second chapter of this thesis is about the completing and reorganizing work to the Han Shu and Hou Han Shu done by the scholars of the Song Dynasty. There were two main complement books, one was Bu Han Bing Zhi, written by Qian Wenzi, another was Bu Hou Han Shu Nian Biao, written by Xiongfang, both of them had important meaning to Han Shu and Hou Han Shu. Then, Liang Han Hui Yao, Liang Han Zhao Ling, Xi Han Nian Ji and Liang Han Bo Wen were all books reorganizing Han Shu and Hou Han Shu. They belonged to different styles, that was an obvious proof that the scholars of Song Dynasty had achieced a lot in the course of reorganizing Han Shu and Hou Han Shu. The third chapter of this thesis is about the researching and studying of Han Shu and Hou Han Shu in the Song Dynasty. Han Yi Wen Zhi Kao Zheng, written by Wang Yinglin, was the first specialized book researching Han Shu  Yi Wen Zhi. It marked that the scholars of the Song Dynasty researched the two books thoroughly. The notes of the scholars of the Song Dynasty also had a lot of contents researched Han Shu and Hou Han Shu. As a representative, Rong Zhai Sui Bi, written by Hongmai, had a great deal of contents researching Han Shu and Hou Han Shu, and the scope of the contents was extensive. The studying work between Shi Ji and Han Shu bodied in two aspects mainly. One was the comments in the Tong Zhi  Zong Xu, written by Zhengqiao. He criticized Han Shu strongly, but approved Shi Ji highly. The other was Ban Ma Yi Tong written by Nisi, and Ban Ma Yi Tong Ping added by Liu Chenweng. This was the first specialized work comparing Shi Ji and Han Shu, so it pushed the comparing research forward. The conclusion part affirms the achievements obtained by the scholars of the Song Dynasty. They not only kept on the advantage in the research of Han Shu gotten in the period of Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, but also obtained new breakthrough. In this part, I also simply analyzed the reason why it could achieve more in the research of Han Shu than in the research of Shi Ji in the Liang Song period.